Onward migration: An introduction

In August 2016, Maslax Moxamed, a 19-year-old man from Somalia, arrived in Italy. He spent two months Rome, first via Cupa the San Lorenzo district, where he met volunteers at Baobab experience, an occupied social centre that had been turned into reception for migrants 2015 height of “refugee crisis” (Dines et al., 2018). After eviction September followed to various makeshift points around city. His migratory project does not, however, involve spending rest his life decides move on and one evening October takes bus Milan Piazzale Tiburtino, reaches Belgium with Sudanese friend, Azou. However, 31 January 2017, landed again Rome's Fiumicino airport. The Belgian authorities sent him back Italy as result Dublin regulation, European legislation which states asylum applications are examined by country entry. Maslax's is story “Dubliner,” is, seeker who forcibly returned left fingerprints arrival. night police station, Moxamed transferred 1 February extraordinary Pomezia, 30 kilometres south Rome. To friends, speaks “slow life” centre, lack stimuli not feeling welcomed. On 15 March found dead park near was staying. hanged himself. Those shared last took streets 25 denounce situation stuck along thousands people unable because restraining character immigration policies (Montagna & Grazioli, 2019). I chose come England thought all future. future – mine my wife, but children. Looking … knowing there crisis could see any them Italy, even young [Italians] no afraid So came them, feel better chances here. (Della Puppa King, 2018: 1940) Although current job much than salary higher factory income, Mukul currently working mini-cab driver Rokeya cultural facilitator state schools. has stronger sense security feels children have greater opportunities more open tolerant (see also Mapril this special issue). after relocation UK London, British scenario changed, Brexit. Unless family apply settled status before deadline set government, their EU citizens may longer be enough they will migrants, risk having make stay regular through resident permit. This negative repercussions possibility accessing welfare driving force behind onward migration many Italian-Bangladeshis 2018) outcome referendum 2016 seems accelerated mobility projects citizens, being able leaves EU.1 third vignette, we highly skilled migrant worker Spain, football champion Luis Suárez lives works. Born Uruguay 1987, instead moving Spain South American often do McCarthy Ramos issue) moved Netherlands 2006, won several titles named Dutch footballer year. 2011, Liverpool; 2014 migrated Barcelona transfer worth €82.3 million (£64.98 million), making most expensive players history. 2020, Suárez's manager Juventus club were about agree further transfer. according FA regulations, clubs allowed enrol non-EU per season; Italian team already recruited extra-EU players, needed citizenship happen. As far Spanish association concerned, citizen Uruguayan wife daughter Friulians passport, three association. living member nearly years citizen, language exam become national play Juventus. different regulations between forced entourage race against time early October. paths citizen: work Catalonia gave right citizenship, abandoned reasons time. other option path, should quicker, did need start scratch, started courses some beforehand. 22 September, flew university foreigners Perugia B1 examination. passed examination,2 withdrew intention buy player blocked. These vignettes examples exemplify characteristics issues type raises Schapendonk First, show outcomes can take. case typical secondary movement seekers arrive sea Mediterranean routes. Once Europe, want arrival, either Greece or prefer reach countries links rely build new (Benedikt, 2019; De Genova, 2017; Picozza, 2017). Most time, manage aimed at,3 attempted return fingerprinted following happened Maslax. case, fails it collides policy its constraints (De Genova Montagna second shows alternative variant migration, successful thanks instrumental use McCarthy, well Morad Sacchetto managed settle children, notwithstanding Bangladeshi community if disadvantaged Britain always lowest level (Gardner, 2010; Peach, 2006; Redbridge Borough, 2004). studies 2018; King Della Puppa, al. issue), since 2008 economic hardest-hit southern continental Europe growing phenomenon, involving Cillo Rokeya's family, instrumentally take up provided freedom mobility. Finally, typically form labour aborted strict interpretation law Suarèz would granted citizenship. advantage married lived years, freely across continent. automatic. Marriage facilitate it, those command tests still successfully passed. bureaucratic required caused withdraw depend arrangements EU. Therefore, interrogates role facilitating preventing particular, opportunity onwards continue linked measures such regulation Sredanovic, 2016). key achievements terms intra-EU Maastricht Treaty maintains holding nationality 28 extra rights responsibilities (Geddes 2020), including Of cases looked here, only made possible entailed states. For protection unfriendly attitudes public authorities, discrimination, inadequate conditions reproduction, precarity, unemployment 2016; Kofman Raghuram, sense, resource, capital providing useful resources (on Montagna, Neither possessed when refused seen, Convention, aim containing seekers’ mobility4. prevented another piece allow choose asylum. Instead travel already-existing networks, remain wait until application processed. irrational mechanism, elaborated order prevent what dubbed “asylum shopping,” forces illegally cross internal borders, increasing risks health security, trapped smuggler networks. Maslax, ties5, trying circumvent Convention risking deported losing lives. While manage, others face deportation stranded camps Onward whether unsuccessful, very (Bourdieu, 1986; Coleman, 1990). Mukul's shows, friendship familial ties, knowledge fellow countrymen “new” destination organizations, constitute important support projects. Similarly, employers connecting dots network, supposed happen Suárez. They bridgeheads period “social guides” help newcomers context, smoothing access local welfare, benefits, housing markets, aforementioned associations (Coletto Fullin, Dimitriadis Jokinen 2008). Within rather broad category capital, add “mobile commons” Papadopoulos Tsianos, 2013), forms knowledge, information, mutual care, relations solidarity migrants’ attempt relied information experience camp resided arrival Rome departure northern Europe. used these look elsewhere. Kaufman identifies “motility,” assets increase people's capacity mobile geographical space activated, re-activated Suarez's cases, (Kaufmann illustrate recurrent theme research migration: search factor Salamońska Czeranowska our subjects aiming opportunities, regardless huge differences starting conditions, socio-economic background, resources, etc Special Issue). find given process settlement provide kind could, so decided move. There mix agency, networks pulling factors, merge way makes difficult grasp prevailing also, (as time) give especially friendly society. Even driven similar although mostly (better pay) symbolic (playing team) (access welfare). issue aims address explore depth themes emerge vignettes: importance framework, multiple agency. It stems panel organized Migration Conference 2019 under title “Onward Changing Europe.” Not participants conference feature issue, authors included here present conference. Nevertheless, represents moment began collect insights phenomenon necessarily historically (Bhachu, 1985), emerged, disruption, forms, shapes trends profoundly modifying social, economic, political, demographic balances. When interest just mechanics movement. Our focus strategic movement, agency decision forward forth, posted workers, workers plays major show, decisions constraining policies, challenge resist environments, simply opportunities. More specifically, structured follows. contribution, Francesco Nicola Eleonore theoretical introduction review empirical topic. Existing area different, overlapping, dimensions how effect influenced variables diverse crises, gender, origin, age skills. part review, ongoing types conceptualized. include transit stepwise international serial migration. part, examine written identify common emerging research, factors “migration capital,” one. concluding section, highlight missing areas discuss Brexit impact Sredanovic Justyna Olga article specific aspect Arguing complex one-off shed light patterns, encompassing within trajectory. bridge gap literatures repeat migrations. strands literature developed separately, each migrations frame reference. analysis, based Internal Movers’ Social Survey (EIMSS), quantify volume one-off, selected countries. Referring construct socially structured. Joris Schapendonk's critical conceptualized lexicon surrounding frames processes staged process, south-north directionality hinting gradual progress question. wondering why scholars adopt conceptual solely argues “grand narrative” politicized reproduced EU’s overarching frameworks. Based qualitative longitudinally African trajectories inside provides analytical mobilities deviate conventional notion “onward migration” peripheries self-declared core western Its offer counter-narrative im/mobility dynamics zig-zag routes, circulations shifting horizons. her article, Helen Latin Americans taken dual escape financial late 2000s. Drawing interviews, explores families seek negotiate structures afforded possibilities both physical She that, while initial America enabled gain stability and, residency, involved periods adds layer complication this: legal statuses combined create situations members immobility await residency papers. McCarthy's therefore constellations themselves in. Christina Ramos’ looks migrating reconfigured country, employment livelihoods. initiated cycle increased departures decreased arrivals. Many leaving origin onwards. According Ramos, crisis, understood broader context moves uncommon. Relying data collected Madrid London Ecuadorians Colombians she continuously evolving adapt structural changes showing individual options available determined class gender constraints. Using in-depth interviews EU27 residing UK, Britons Belgium, Djordje examines triggering obstructing known, consequences reduction xenophobia potential instability, particularly UK. consider migrations, complicate this. author realization plans mediated imaginations Bangladeshi-Portuguese Jose investigate well-off Portugal decide on, expectations project. longitudinal ethnography Bangladeshis Lisbon temporalities kinship intergenerational reciprocities mobilized ways connected care uncertain contexts. among migrate education namely studying education. Thus, “new beginnings” larger horizon redistribution logic associated domestic units becomes Iraklis Dimitriadis’ contribution. aspirations Albanians transnational practices activate turn reality. data, desire emerges reactive strategy cope poor discrimination. particular calls “explorative practices,” spaces range comprise occasional visits short trips abroad. reconfigure destinations cannot meet needs desires. Mohammad Devi relocate Their fieldwork, 50 Bangladeshi-Italian illustrates main points. appropriate reproduction Bengali traditions religious upbringing Second, colonial legacy, hand, political climate, other, crucial selection destination. strong motivating remaining interested concludes Rossana Cillo's related Her construction Rive Gauche shopping Charleroi (Belgium). Albania, Egypt, India, Kosovo Romania companies flexibility, contracts, reduce costs. argues, expansion favoured number reorganization sector's production model: uncontrolled subcontracting; transformation market's stratification; maintain high profitability rates lowering accept extreme exploitation impossibility emigrating due status. despite wide issues, perspectives views focused must point out shortcomings generally, debate Among these, example, quantitative example undertake paucity generational (but Ortensi Barbiano di Belgiojoso, observe intra-European capture complexity. Behind sharp decline global 2020 lies travellers abroad awaiting repatriation, getting locked might performed seasonal temporary work, displaced facing severe difficulty fleeing conflict disaster zones struggling procedures protection. (Benton 2021: 23) suffer created COVID-19, planned plan If discussion contend restrictions contain virus (Ibidem), stories project, rights. pinpoint scientific limits providing, transformed COVID-19 management, vectors increasingly changing